What is meant by Proper Adjective?

Proper adjectives are modifiers formed from proper nouns. They usually modify the names of countries, cities, or regions, brands, religions, or sometimes individuals. We all know that proper nouns are nouns that name specific organizations, places, people, ideas, or things. Proper adjectives take these proper nouns and modify them to work as adjectives. Note that, similar to proper nouns, the first letter of proper adjectives are also capitalized.

What are the Examples of Proper Adjectives?

Let’s follow the below-mentioned examples to clearly understand the idea of proper adjectives.

	Proper Noun	Proper Adjective	Example of Proper Adjective in Sentence.
Name of Place	China	Chinese	Do you love Chinese food?
	Italy	Italian	Italian silk has a high quality.
	Asia	Asian	Do you have any plan to visit Asian countries?
	Britain	British	She studies in a British school.
Name of Person	Buddha	Buddhist	Have you travelled any Buddhist temple?
	Darwin	Darwinian	Are you aware of the concept of Darwinian evolution?
	Marx	Marxist	They are researching on Marxist theory.
	Christ	Christian	Christian churches of Diu are a nice place to visit.
Name of Brand	Reliance	Reliance	His new Reliance phone has some unique features.
	Nikkon	Nikkon	Aharsi is too excited to see his new Nikkon camera on his birthday.

Why do we need Proper Adjectives?

Proper adjectives are required to describe something directly, efficiently, and explicitly. Sentences can be constructed without proper adjectives but proper adjectives make sentences simpler, shorter, and easy to read. For example, the sentence “Rahim loves Chinese food.” can be written as “Rahim loves the food that comes from China” without using a proper adjective. You can easily understand the importance of proper adjectives from the above two sentences. Proper adjectives are widely used in an artistic or academic context.

How do you form a Proper Adjective?

As already mentioned that proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns. Usually at the end of the noun -ian, -an, -esque, -ic, -ish, -like, -istic, etc are added to form a proper adjective. The following table provides some of the examples of proper adjectives formed using the above suffixes.

-ian/-ean/-an	-ic	-i	-ish	-ese
Korean	Hispanic	Pakistani	Irish	Japanese
American	Nordic	Iraqi	Spanish	Sudanese
Australian	Greenlandic	Saudi	Turkish	Portuguese
Moroccan	Icelandic	Israeli	Danish	Lebanese

Some Rules related to Proper Adjectives

• When a prefix is attached to a proper adjective, the prefix is not capitalized. Example: The search for a pan-European culture is not going to diminish soon.
• When the prefix starts the sentence or the prefix itself is formed from a proper noun then it should be capitalized. Example: Anti-Western sentiments are prevalent in China. Firan likes Afro-Caribbean dance moves.
• For proper adjectives with hyphenated forms, only the proper adjective is capitalized. Example: You should have taken a French-speaking guide.

Proper Adjectives Worksheets

It will be interesting to solve the following Proper Adjectives Worksheets.

Proper Adjectives Worksheet 1: Underline the proper adjectives in the following sentences.

1. Madhu believes that the Putinist doctrine is no more.
2. Do you know how to become a Confucian scholar?
3. Those Tibetan landscapes are stunning.
4. Let’s have some Korean food.
5. Brazilian Pele is known as the god of football.
6. When will you go to your Spanish class?
7. Shakespearean sonnets are easy to comprehend.
8. He was a Serbian football player.
9. He has always been a Marxist.
10. Even though Larry was born in London, her father was Viennese.

Proper Adjectives Worksheet 2: Use the given proper nouns in the table and form a proper adjective.

Proper Noun	Proper Adjective	Proper Noun	Proper Adjective	Proper Noun	Proper Adjective
Uzbekistan		Toronto		Philippines
Paris		Laos		Middle East
Queen Elizabeth		Confucius		Adolf Hitler
Humanist		Judaism		Germany
Russia		Canon		Mars

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In English grammar, there are some verbs that do not carry unique meaning on their own but express a complex meaning when combined with some other words. They are known as Light Verbs. These verbs rely on other words to express proper meaning. Depending on the words with which light verbs are associated, they can have a great variety of meanings. Widely used common light verbs are do, take, have, make, give, get, etc. Light verbs are also known as semantically weak verbs, explicator verbs, delexical verbs, vector verbs, thin verbs, or empty verbs.

Examples of Light Verbs

In general, light verbs get their meaning by pairing with a noun or noun phrase. Some examples of light verbs are:

• Do your homework first and then you can play.
• Manasi did the cleaning yesterday.
• Every afternoon, Aharsi takes a nap.
• Be sure to make your bed once you get up.
• Firan gets a lot of emails every day.
• Give him a break now.

In the above sentences, the verb does not provide the exact meaning till they are paired with the words that are collocated with the verb.

Heavy Verbs, Light Verbs, and Auxiliary Verbs

When verbs carry a unique meaning of their own without relying on other additional information to make sense they are known as full verbs or heavy verbs.

However, auxiliary verbs are quite similar to light verbs. But, auxiliary verbs work with other verbs to make a unique meaning. Auxiliary verbs are usually used to create tense forms, negative forms of verbs, or to express modality.

Depending on how the verbs are used in a sentence, light verbs can work as full verbs. Again, do and have can work either as a light verb or auxiliary verb.

Light Verb Worksheets

Let’s solve the following Light Verbs Worksheets

Light Verbs Worksheet 1: Underline the light verbs in the below-mentioned sentences.

1. Do you take milk in your tea?
2. Aharsi made four mistakes in the exam.
3. Titli got good grades in CBSE final exam.
4. Take a look of that drawing.
5. From where did you get so many messages?
6. Stop making such a fuss.
7. Come on guys, let’s have lunch!
8. Uttam had a snooze after dinner.
9. Do your dishes after lunch.
10. Have you made any plan for winter vacation?

Light Verbs Worksheet 2: Fill in the blanks with an appropriate light verb.

1. She _________ an excellent speech for Independence day.
2. How much do you _________ in return?
3. He is ___________ an exam in the afternoon.
4. _________ her word and she will do it.
5. Can you ___________ the phone, please?
6. You need to ________ a decision on these.
7. Always be ready to _________ someone a favor.
8. She ________ friendship with her new neighbour.

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Linking Verbs are used to connect the subject of a sentence to the predicate. These verbs describe the state of being of the subject of a clause. Linking verbs do not express or show any action. They serve as the connecting link. So, their main function is only to link the subject with the rest of the sentence. They are also known as copulas or copular verbs. All forms of “to be” verb like “am, is, are, was, were,” etc are the most widely used linking verbs.

List of Linking Verbs

The following tables provide a list of some of the most common linking verbs.

am	is	are	be	will be
was	were	been	being	may be
are being	might be	has been	have been	must be
become	seem	feel	taste	can be
smell	appear	sound	look	should be
grow	get	turn	prove	would have been
remain	shall be	will be	would be	had been
could be	do	did	does	keep

Examples of Linking Verbs

Linking Verb Example: “To be”

As already indicated, to be with its eight different conjugations is the most common linking verb. They link the subject to subject complements(adjective, noun, noun phrase, or pronoun). Some examples are:

Linking Subject to Adjective:

• He is right.
• It is hot today.
• Swarnali was fortunate to win the competition.
• They are hungry.
• She was 29 when this photo was taken.
• Uttam is four feet tall.
• I am 80 Kg.

Linking Subject to prepositional phrases:

• Manasi is in the other room.
• Firan will be away from walking this week.

Linking Subject to Noun, Noun Phrase, or Pronoun:

• She is a bully.
• They are a lost cause.
• That‘s him; that‘s the guy you were searching for.

Note that the verb “to be” is also used as an auxiliary verb. Always remember that while acting as an auxiliary verb, “be” does not function as an independent verb. For example; in the sentence “He is running in the park”, “is” acts as an auxiliary verb, not as a linking verb. In a similar way, the “be” verb can be used to form a passive voice. For instance, in the sentence “This article is written by Firan”, the verb “is” is used to form passive voice and working as an auxiliary verb.

Linking Verb Example: Sense Verbs

Certain sense verbs that indicate opinions, perceptions, or sensations are also used as linking verbs. These verbs are:

• appear
• feel
• look
• seem
• smell
• sound
• taste

Some examples of sene verbs as linking verbs are:

• You look gorgeous today.
• The weather seems ok for going out.
• That smells bad.
• This milk tastes different.

Linking Verb Examples: Verbs of progression

Some verbs showing growth, development, or progression also function as linking verbs. Some of such kinds of verbs are:

• become
• turn
• get
• remain
• grow
• prove

Examples of progression verbs working as linking verbs are:

• The crowd is becoming restless.
• I believe you will get well soon
• Manasi will always remain Sarita’s friend.

Linking Verbs Worksheets

Let’s solve the below-mentioned linking verb worksheets.

Linking Verbs Worksheet 1: Underline the linking verbs in the following sentences.

1. The cushion is on the sofa.
2. Ram is in the middle of something.
3. She looks gorgeous in that white dress.
4. I believe the show will be interesting.
5. That sounds like Swarnali’s voice.
6. This jungle seems quite frightening.
7. Mohor was a school teacher.
8. Her favourite color is blue.
9. Internet surfing is my favourite passtime.
10. She is 99.

Linking Verbs Worksheet 2: Fill in the blanks using appropriate linking verbs from the bracket.

Answer Key : (looked, seems, feel, smelled, are, is, sounds, been)

1. That baby ____________ nervous today.
2. She __________ many perfumes but could not find what she was looking for.
3. This ________ sunflower seeds.
4. I ___________ for my pen.
5. Whenever Aharsi meet his friends, he _______ happy.
6. Her idea _________ great.
7. The bus _____ full.
8. She has ___________ so stubborn.

A reciprocal pronoun is a specific type of pronoun used to indicate a relationship where two or more people (group) do an action of a similar type. All group members mutually receive the benefit or consequence of the same action simultaneously. Reciprocal pronouns are used in a sentence whenever something is done or given in return or some mutual action is expressed. Reciprocal pronouns always work as the objects of verbs that refer back to the two or more people who are the subjects.

In English grammar, there are only two reciprocal pronouns. They make sentences simpler by expressing the same general idea more than once. These two reciprocal pronouns are:

• Each other, and
• One another

Use of Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns in English grammar refers to previously named noun and are easy to use. They are used when one person does something to another and that person does the same in exchange.
While referring to only two people engaged in mutual action, the reciprocal pronoun “each other” is used. On the other hand, the reciprocal pronoun “one another” is used to refer to more than two people. For example,

• Aharsi and Advik helped each other.
• All the members of the group are blaming to one another.

Examples of Reciprocal Pronouns

Here are some examples of reciprocal pronouns:

• Mrinal and Firan don’t talk to each other.
• Swarnali, Ismat, and Ravleen hate one another.
• They can’t tolerate each other.
• The member’s of the group do not believe one another.
• Why do you question each other?
• As the cricketers left the playground, they waved goodbye to one another.

However, note that in modern English, both reciprocal pronouns are usually used interchangeably. So, the application of each other and one another depends entirely on the context of the sentence.

Possessive form of Reciprocal Pronouns

Note that, the possessive form of reciprocal pronouns is always treated as singular, and “-s” is added to the end. The main reason behind this is that both “each other” and “one another” refers to the individuals within a group or pair. Hence, they cannot take the plural possessive form. But, the nouns that follow the possessive form of reciprocal pronouns are usually pluralized. For instance,

Uttam and Sanjeet spend a lot of time partying at each other’s houses.

In the above sentence, each other’s is used to singularize and houses are used to pluralize.

Reciprocal Pronoun Worksheets

Let’s test our understanding by solving the below-mentioned reciprocal pronoun worksheets.

Reciprocal Pronoun Worksheet 1: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate reciprocal pronouns.

1. Shilpa and Raj gave __________ diamond chains on their 10th anniversary.
2. The players congratulated _________ after knowing they are winners.
3. The children are playing with ___________ in the garden.
4. At the end of the wedding ceremony inside the church, the bride and groom kissed _______________.
5. Mohor and Firan are talking to___________ in the terrace.
6. Decisions taken without discussing with ____________ in the group, may be wrong.
7. Students, help ___________ to solve your problems.
8. Be attentive guys, why are you talking to ___________?
9. Jivan and Jyoti are committed to ______________.
10. Students missed _____________ during the summer holidays.

Reflexive pronouns are used when both the subject and the object of a sentence are the same. All reflexive pronouns end with -self or -selves. The verb used in these sentences is known as the reflexive verb. There are nine reflexive pronouns in English. They are: “myself, himself, itself, herself, yourself, oneself, yourselves, themselves, and ourselves”. Except “oneself” (one is an indefinite pronoun) in the list, all other reflexive pronouns are generated by adding -self or -selves at the end of certain personal pronouns. In the above list of reflexive pronouns, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves act as plurals, whereas all others work as singular.

Use of Reflexive Pronouns

When the subject of a sentence is doing something by or to itself, Reflexive pronouns are used. Also, note that reflexive pronouns serve as objects (either direct or indirect objects) to a sentence and always come after the verb. For example, I saw myself in the mirror.

In everyday language, the use of reflexive pronouns is quite common. They allow reflecting on the same subject with more clarity.

Rules of Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns as Direct or Indirect Objects

When a reflexive pronoun act as a direct object, it is the same as the subject and receives the action of a transitive verb. For example,

• Sandesh planned to gift himself with a new laptop.
• Ram is preparing himself for the Olympics.

Reflexive pronouns can be used as an indirect object, when the indirect object is the same as the subject of the verb and it demonstrates for whom or why the action is taken. For example,

• Aharsi bought himself something to eat.
• Swarnali cooks egg-noodles for herself every morning.

Reflexive Pronouns to show Independent Actions

Sometimes, reflexive pronouns are used along with the word “by” to mean “without any help”. For example,

• I prepared the food by myself.
• The workers cleaned up their rooms by themselves.

Reflexive Pronouns vs Intensive Pronouns

Intensive pronouns are identical to reflexive pronouns in form and end with -self or -selves. However, they serve to emphasize or reiterate the subject’s role in the verb’s action. Intensive pronouns are also known as emphatic pronouns and as it is emphatic, the sentence will make sense even after the removal of the pronoun. For instance:

• I checked over these documents myself.
• She wrote all the songs herself.

Examples of Reflexive Pronouns

The following section provides some of the examples of reflexive pronouns used in sentences:

• Iqbal considers himself to be above the law.
• One should not concern oneself with other’s businesses.
• I washed my car myself.
• She is too young to go by herself.
• We blamed ourselves for the mischief.
• Babies can not look after themselves.
• The cat hurt itself.
• You can do it yourself.

Reflexive Pronouns Worksheets

Let’s solve the following reflexive pronoun exercises.

Reflexive Pronouns Worksheet 1: Underline the reflexive pronouns in the following sentences.

1. He does not respect himself.
2. Help yourself
3. Mohor burned herself while she was cooking.
4. I made a fool of myself by saying that stupid sentence.
5. We usually play by ourselves.
6. The little bird washing itself in the pond.
7. The boys played the game themselves.
8. Your friend and you worry yourselves too much.

Reflexive Pronouns Worksheet 2: Fill in the blanks using appropriate reflexive pronouns.

1. Have you come by ________?
2. Manasi folded all the clothes by ____________.
3. Dipushree and Pamela walked home by ____________.
4. You can fill the form __________.
5. While thinking about childhood days, I laugh at ___________.
6. Firan, Rubel, Uttam, and I carried Sumita by _______________.
7. Don’t worry ____________ about it.
8. Help __________ to have some cookies.

Reflexive Pronouns Worksheet 3: Choose the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the sentence.

1. The lady President (himself/herself) conveyed the message.
2. They are so small to look after (ourselves/themselves).
3. Deep, solve that problem by (himself/yourself).
4. The dog carried the bone all by (himself/itself).
5. Behave (ourselves/yourself); everybody is looking at you.
6. I am going to buy a book for (yourself/myself)
7. We hurt (themselves/ourselves) in the game by not following rules.
8. Young ladies usually spend hours looking at (themselves/herself) at the mirror.

Reflexive Pronouns Worksheet 4: Match column A with Column B with corresponding reflexive pronouns.

Column A: Pronouns	Column B : Reflexive Pronouns
1. I	a. Itself
2. One	b. herself
3. You	c. themselves
4. They	d. ourselves
5. It	e. myself
6. He	f. yourself
7. She	g. himself
8. We	h. oneself

Verbs in the English language are divided into two fundamental groups; Finite verbs and Non-finite verbs. In this article, we will explore the definitions of finite and non-finite verbs, their differences, examples, and worksheets.

What is a Finite Verb?

A finite verb can be defined as a verb that has a subject and indicates grammatical tense, person, and number. The action of a person, place, or thing is described by finite verbs in a sentence. They are the base verbs and do not require other verbs to be grammatically correct.

Examples of Finite Verbs

Some of the examples of finite verbs are provided below:

• I went to that shopping mall yesterday.
• I speak.
• Aharsi plays the piano

What is a Non-finite Verb?

A non-finite verb is defined as a verb that does not show tense or corresponding subject. In English grammar, there are three types of non-finite verbs; infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Most of the non-finite verbs end with “-ing,” “-ed,” “-d,” or “-t.”

Examples of Non-finite Verbs

Refer to the following sentences that show some of the examples of non-finite verbs in sentences.

• Playing football is not my cup of tea.
• Reading books motivates me.
• Those clothes are washed.

Difference between Finite and Non-finite Verbs | Finite Verbs vs Non-finite Verbs

The main difference between finite and non-finite verbs is that a finite verb work as the main verb in any sentence whereas non-finite verbs are not the main verbs. The other differences are listed in the following table:

Finite Verbs	Non-finite Verbs
Finite verbs function as the main verb.	Non-finite verbs does not function as the main verb. They usually act as nouns, adverbs, or adjectives.
Finite verbs indicate person, tense, or number	Finite verbs do not indicate person, tense, or number
Finite verbs are used in past and present tenses.	Non-finite verbs are used as gerunds, participles, or infinitives.
The finite verb form depending on the subject of the sentence.	Non-finite verbs do not change forms.

Finite and Non-finite Verbs Worksheets

Now solve some of the worksheets on finite and non-finite verbs.

Finite and Non-finite Verb Worksheet 1: Read the following sentences and identify the finite and non-finite verbs

Sentences	Finite Verbs	Non-finite Verbs
Aharsi likes to play with Advik.
Running is good for weight reduction.
Have you finished your lunch?
My mother cooks tasty food.
Firan works hard to establish his website.
Tapan went to Kolkata to find some work.
Uttam is planning to launch a new business.
Mohor did not recognize Ravleen at all.
Krishna said he will be joining to politics.
Deep does not waste time watching TV

Finite and Non-finite Verb Worksheet 2: Fill in the blanks with correct finite/non-finite verb forms.

1. Due to corona my father_______(work) from home.
2. Advik _________(start) _________(like) his blue dress.
3. You promised __________ (support) me.
4. I _______(be) too weak _______(go) for __________(play).
5. Swarnali is interested in ________(learn) French.
6. Mohor enjoy ___________(read) articles from internet.
7. After recovering from COVID, many feel ______ (tire) for continuous working.
8. Manasi _______________(decorate) the room for Puja.
9. _________(do) regular homework _________(be) a good habit.
10. __________(do) your parents know my brother?

Finite and Non-finite Verb Worksheet 3: Prepare two sentences for each of the following verbs using them as finite and non-finite verb.

Verb	Example as Finite Verb	Example as Non-finite Verb
Read
Watch
Learn
Play
Cook
Plan
Join
Wait
Try
Help